Session: Liberalization of electricity market, impact on energy efficiency | Liberalizacija tržišta i sigurnost snabdevanja električnom energijom, energetska efikasnost
Papers selected for Conference Session titled : Liberalization of electricity market, impact on energy efficiency | Liberalizacija tržišta i sigurnost snabdevanja električnom energijom, energetska efikasnost
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Slobodan Ogrizović dipl.el.ing - JKP „Beogradske elektrane“, Savski Nasip 11, 11070 Novi Beograd , Vladimir Radulović, dipl.maš.ing - JKP „Beogradske elektrane“, Savski Nasip 11, 11070 Novi Beograd
Abstract text
The topic of this paper is relationship between Energy efficiency and Primary Energy Factor (PEF). According to experience of European energy systems, especially District Heating and Cooling (DHC) systems in Western Europe, the topic presents comparative preview for different ways of primary energy use, and, according to PEF, accurate reccomandation of achieving high energy efficiency is given. This paper analyzes different strategic planning segments in energy and DHC sector, and gives actual "position" of term of energy efficiency in whole energy chain in Serbia / from primary to final energy. By using PEF as methodology basement, this paper highlights optimal Belgrade`s DH projects and concepts that could improve energy efficiency, both in DH and in connected parts of power system.
Apstrakt:
Rad obrađuje pojmove energetske efikasnosti i primarnog energetskog faktora, kao i njihov uzajamni odnos i uslovljenost. Na osnovu iskustava energetskih sistema, a posebno sistema daljinskog grejanja i hlađenja Zapadne Evrope, u radu se daju uporedni pregledi različitih vidova korišćenja primarne energije i, na osnovu primarnog energetskog faktora, daju precizne preporuke o tome kako se postiže najviša energetska efikasnost. U vezi sa tim, u radu se analiziraju i segmenti strateškog planiranja u oblasti energetike i daljinskog grejanja, kao i na trenutnu "poziciju" pojma energetske efikasnosti kod nas, u energetskom lancu - od primarne energije, do finalne energije kod korisnika. Koristeći primarni energetski faktor kao metodologiju, rad ukazuje i na optimalne projekte i koncepte za sistem daljinskog grejanja Beograda koji bi, u skladu sa direktivama EU, doveli do povećanja energetske efikasnosti - kako u daljinskom grejanju, tako i u povezanim delovima elektroenergetskog sistema.
Vitomir Kravarušić - TE TO Novi Sad, Serbia
Abstract text
Summary
Growing needs of electricity and heat at very intensive use of fossil fuels and fuel prices growth, particulary of natural gas, at market conditions establish increasing requirements to the business operations of the electric power companies in respect of energy efficiency, reliability and flexibility of CHP plants, fuel saving, enviromental protection and as near prices as possible of CHP electricity and heat. This paper is dealing with thechiques of energy efficiency increasing at CHP and tariffication methods of combined electricity and heat production of planned construction of new unit CHP Novi Sad which would produce electricity for EPS and operate in co-generation connected with deastrict heating system of Novi Sad and produce only electricity in condensing regime at summer. Very complex methodology of cost distribution of fuel consumed for generation of electricity and heat at co-generation stations within recent period is significant changed and improved, particularly at country with economy in tranzition. Integration of energy and enviromental requirements highlights increasingly the benefits of local production of electricity and heat throughout of: construction of combined electricity and heat plants, renewable energy sources and distributed production, that results in a considerable decreasing of investment at the centralized plants and transmission systems.
ENERGETSKA EFIKASNOST TE-TO NOVI SAD I TARIFIKACIJA KOMBINOVANE PROIZVODNJE ELEKTRIČNE I TOPLOTNE ENERGIJE
Abstract
Sve veće potrebe za električnom i toplotnom energijom i veoma intenzivna eksploatacija fosilnih goriva, uz porast cena energenata, a naročito prirodnog gasa, postavljaju u tržišnim uslovima sve veće zahteve poslovanja elektroprivrednim kompanijama u pogledu energetske efikasnosti, fleksibilnosti i pouzdanosti rada gasno-parnih postrojenja, štednje goriva, zaštite životne sredine i što nižih proizvodnih cena električne i toplotne energije iz kombinovane proizvodnje. U ovom radu se izlažu tehnike povećanja energetske efikasnosti gasno-parnog bloka i metode tarifikacije kombinovane proizvodnje električne i toplotne energije planirane izgradnje novog gasno-parnog bloka TE TO Novi Sad koji će proizvoditi struju za potrebe EPS-a, a u kogeneraciji tokom grejne sezone će isporučivati baznu toplotnu energiju za potrebe toplifikacioniog sistema Novog Sada, a u kondenzacionom režimu u letnjem periodu će proizvoditi samo struju. Veoma složena metodologija raspodele potrošnje goriva i određivanja cena za kombinovanu proizvodnju električne i toplotne energije u prethodnom periodu se značajno promenila i unapredila, naročito u zemljama sa privredama u tranziciji. Integracija energetskih i ekoloških zahteva, sve više ističe značaj: lokalne proizvodnje električne i toplotne energije kroz izgradnju postrojenja sa kombinovanom proizvodnjom električne i toplotne energije, postojenja sa obnovljivim izvorima energije i distributivnih energetskih postrojenja, što dovodi do znatnog smanjenja investicija u centralne izvore i prenosne sisteme.
Ključne reči: gasno-parna postrojenja, kombinovana proizvodnja električne i toplotne energije, energetska efikasnost, pouzdanost i fleksibilnost, tarifikacija (određivanje cena) kombinovane proizvodnje električne i toplotne energije, obnovljivi izvori energije i distribuirana energetska postrojenja.
Šefik Bajmak - University of Priština, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
Abstract text
Osnovni zadatak postrojenja za sagorevanje tvrdog komunalnog otpada (TKO) je spaljivanje u zadanoj količine, pri ćemu se oslobađa toplota koja treba da se iskoristi za dalje potrebe.
U početnoj fazi projektovanja takvih postrojenja neophodno je objasniti sa približnim stepenom tačnosti , koja količina otpada biće sakupljena za 5 godina u datom mestu , dinamika njegovog sakupljanja po godinama , priraštja sakupljanja ovog otpada . Ove podatke , po pravilu daju organizacije koje se bave sakupljanjem i odvoženjem TKO na deponiji, predviđenoj za neki grad ili širi rejon .Sem toga neophodno je definistai u fazi projketovanja sledeće veličine: količinu TKO po glavi stanovnika na dan, morofološki sastav, granulometrijski sastav , termotehničke karakteristike, toplotnu moć sagorevanja TKO.
Izbor sistema za sagorevanje TKO je težak i odgovoran posao projktanta spalione otpada. Njegov zadatak je da sagleda sve moguće sisteme , iste analizira i odabere najoptimalniji sistem spaljivanje TKO. Definisani su opšti početni podaci i uslovi koji dozvoljavaju projektnoj organizaciji pristup ka razradi tehno-ekonomskog obrazloženje. U radu su prikazani raličiti sistemi. Dat je tehnološki opis i tehničke karaktristike postrojenja.
Prof. dr Milan M. R. Radunović - Fakultet za primenjenu ekologiju Futura, Belgrade, Serbia , Tanja T. M. Mihajlović i Damir D.H. Hamzić - Energy Consulting and Engeeniring d.o.o. Španskih boraca 1-3 Beograd
Abstract text
World energy demand will continue to grow, until a completely new generation of energy technologies break almost a linear correlation between economic growth and energy demand.
Energy sector represent the backbone of the world economy, it is therefore essential that the countries of Eastern and Southeastern Europe raise their efficiency in attracting foreign direct investment in this field. These countries are faced with the economic crisis of global proportions with the old technology, disturbed environment and poor menagement in the energy sector.
Although the state has not proved able to effectively manage investments in the energy sector, there is concern that the private sector will ignore the public interest. This concern is reflected everywhere in the world through the growth of regulation in the field of environmental protection, provision of adequate conditions in the workplace and greater concern directed at the expenditure of non-renewable natural resources. Growth of regulation, on the other hand, discourages further private investment
In order to attract private sector to invest in energy it is necessary to:
• Searching the possibility to accelerate and simplify the procedures for the construction of energy facilities;
• Energy integration through Energetsu Charter;
• Creating an legal framework for Public-Private Partnership (PPP).
Trbojević M. Nebojša - Vattenfall Europe PowerConsult East, Beograd
Abstract text
Činjenica je da su mnogi međunarodni projekti tzv. „visoke magnitude“ implementirani u našoj zemlji u prethodnoj deceniji. Ovo se ne odnosi samo na oblast energetike već i na mnoge druge infrastrukturne i projekte iz ostalih grana privrede. U oblasti energetike ovakvi projekti su realizovani u skoro svim proizvodnim postrojenjima koja pripadaju Elektroprivredi Srbije.
U isto vreme, skoro je evidentno da će mnogi projekti sličnog karaktera biti realizovani u predstojećoj deceniji, a verovatno i u dugoročnijem periodu. Mnogi od ovih projekata su već predviđeni u dugoročnim planovima Elektroprivrede Srbije, koji podležu verifikaciji u Vladi Republike Srbije.
Znatan broj ovakvih projekata je finansiran od strane međunarodnih finansijskih institucija (international financing institutions – IFI) kao što su Evropska Banka za Obnovu i Razvoj (EBRD), Delegacija Evropske Unije u Republici Srbiji, Svetska Banka (WB), KfW Entwicklungsbank (KfW), Evropska Investiciona Banka (EIB) itd.
Neki projekti su finansirani kao donacije, a neki kao kreditni aranžmani između Republike Srbije (ili Elektroprivrede Srbije) i međunarodnih banaka.
Zajednička karakteristika ovakvih projekata je obavezna primena pravilnika ili smernica ovih međunarodnih institucija prilikom njihove realizaciju. Mnoge od njih sadrže i jasan zahtev za primenu određene vrste međunarodno prepoznatljivih uslova ugovora kao što su FIDIC, EU PRAG ili EBRD/WB.
Sa druge strane postoji set domaćih zakona koji regulišu realizaciju i upravljanje ovakvim projektima. Pre svega se to odnosi na Zakon o Javnim Nabavkama (ZJN), Zakon o planiranju i izgradnji kao i na Zakon o Obligacionim Odnosima. Pristup i terminologija u domaćem zakonodavstvu se razlikuje od smernica i pravilnika međunarodnih institucija. Nekad su u pitanju samo nijanse, ali ponekad su u pitanju i suštinske razlike.
Domaća preduzeća, u potpunosti upoznata i naviknuta na pristup domaće regulative, ponekad se suočavaju sa problemima prilikom implementacije ovakvih projekata baš zbog ovih razlika.
Cilj ovog rada je da pokuša da ukaže na glavne razlike u pristupu i definisanim terminima kako bi domaći entiteti mogli da budu upoznati sa grubom strukturom upoređivanja ovih pravilnika međunarodnih institucija i domaćih zakonskih i podzakonskih akata.
Potpuno razumevanje razlika u pristupu bi, veruje se, pojednostavilo upravljanje ovakvim projektima u našoj zemlji za sve njihove učesnike, a naročito za domaća preduzeća.
Vattenfall Europe PowerConsult i Vattenfall Europe PowerConsult East su učesnici nekoliko sličnih projekata u Republici Srbiji, koji su završeni ili su još uvek u fazi implementacije.
(TENT B2, TENT A5, TEKo A2 ESP, TENT A4, TENT B Ash, TENT A3-A5 Mills, TEKo A Ash, TENT A6 & B2 ESP, TENT B1 ESP & CEMS ...).
Mišljenja smo da bi svojim iskustvom na realizaciji ovih projekata u poziciji da ukažemo na pomenute razlike i na taj način obezbedimo barem mali doprinos pojednostavljenju u upravljanju ovakvim projektima, koji će biti implementirani u predstojećem periodu.
Dejan Mitrović - Mašinski fakultet Niš , Dragoljub Živković - Mašinski fakultet Niš , Mirjana Laković - Mašinski fakultet Niš
Abstract text
Traditional methods of analysis and calculation of complex thermal systems are based on the first-law of thermodynamics. These methods use the energy balance for the system. In general, the energy balances do not provide any information about the internal losses. In contrast, the second-law of thermodynamics introduces the concept of exergy, which is useful in the analysis of thermal systems. Exergy is a measure for assessing the quality of energy, and allows you to determine the location, cause, the real size of losses incurred as well as residues in a thermal process. In the present work, the exergy analysis of a 348.5 MW steam power plant „Kostolac B” is presented. The primary objective of this paper are to analyze the system components separately and to identify and quantify the sites having the largest exergy losses. The exergy efficiency is calculated using the plant operating data from the plant and using the program for numerical simulation of the plant.
Zoran V. STOSIC, Peter SCHIMANN - AREVA NP, Germany
Abstract text
The coal reserves currently supplying the thermal power plants in Serbia will last at most for about 50 years. In 2025 Serbia will reach an electricity production deficit up to 2,400 MW and up to 3,000 MW in 2030. To meet this increasing demand for electricity, Serbia could consider the option of building nuclear power plants (NPP). Therefore late in 2009 Serbia started cooperation with the IAEA NEPIO department.
The presentation examines if and how it is possible to have a NPP in commercial operation in the period between 2025 and 2030. Hereunto the starting point for the commercial operation is hypothetically set to 2028 and all necessary steps and procedures are looked at backwards and are checked for their feasibility and credibility.
For this purpose different project scenarios from vendor, regulator and utility are analysed and compared under consideration of IAEA requirements. Project time line, workforce planning and educational needs are also taken into account.
All considerations show it is possible to have a Serbian NPP in commercial operation by 2028, but all necessary early work measures and activities including education have to be approached in due time and every local and foreign supporting organisation should be taken into account in order to keep the schedule.
The countdown for the 1st Serbian NPP is already ticking today!
Jürgen Willmann - Steinmueller Instandsetzung Kraftwerke GmbH, Landsberger Allee 117a, D 10407 Berlin
Abstract text
To all intents and purposes, conventional steam generators are currently operated for a period of forty years. In addition to adaptations to higher efficiency factors for lowering the CO2 emission, component parts which are subject to high stress are to be checked with regard to their safety in the company.
With an annual operation of 7,500 full load hours, 300,000 hours of operation result over a period of forty years. Many steam generators were manufactured with materials for which only strength parameters of 100,000 hours were available.
If steam generator facilities are to be safely operated beyond this period, the component parts which have been designed with creep-dependent strength parameters are to be checked arithmetically as well as with a view to measures assuring the quality.
In addition to the operation of steam generators in the nominal load area, also thermal stresses play an important role for the assessment of the live time. The component parts are subject to considerable differences in temperature with regard to start-up and shut-down procedures and frequently occurring load change rates. These are considerably influenced by the load gradients.
The lecture is to explain the determination of the element fatigue damages and possibly existing reserves. In addition it will be shown how component parts can be monitored and how the operation of steam generators can be adapted to possibly existing reserves.
The measures taken will be shown by means of an example. In the summary, tips for operators will be provided, i.e. it will be indicated with which measures safe operation can be secured over a long period.
Prof. Milovan Studovic Ph.D. - Energy Financing Team, Belgrade
Abstract text
Due to the long-term and no effective socio-economic transition within member of Energy Community of the Southeast European countries, characterized by significant change and gradually decline of the economic activities, as well as lack of investment in a new, economically effective, energy efficient production technologies, followed by the unexpected financial and economics crisis at the end of 2008, the new set of complex problems created uncertainty concerning the recovery of the economic activities, as well as the improvements and future development of national Energy Sector in most member of Community countries.
These consequences are not only result of lacking of domestic financial sources, but also the absence of stimulating environment for attracting foreign capital, which is necessary for investment in infrastructures, including whole Energy sector, especially in economic-viable, energy-efficient and environmentally -acceptable electricity power plants, even at times of uncertain Climate Policy and Regulations.
In that context the paper explains the approach for deriving a new-updated Projections of the electricity demand and dynamics for investment in a new electricity generating capacities, respecting the observed dependence of the intensity the reduction of electricity consumption, during recession 2009, from the level of economic/production activities, expressed through the change of GDP and/or Value added of the Sector and /or Industrial branches, as dominant electricity end-use, related to the country gross electricity demand.
STANJE I PERSPEKTIVE RAZVOJA ELEKTROENERGETSKIH SISTEMA U REGIONU JUGOISTOČNE EVROPE
U uslovima dugotrajne i nedovoljno efektivne socio-ekonomske tranzicije u zemaljama Energetske Zajednice Jugoistočne Evrope , oličene u značajnoj izmeni i padu privrednih aktivnosti i u odsustvu investicija u nove ekonomski- efektivne i energetski- efikasne proizvodne tehnologije, naizgled neočekivana finansijska i ekonomska kriza krajem 2008 godine, izvor je novih teškoće sa neizvesnism posledicama kako na oporavak nacionalne ekonomije tako i na oporavak i razvoj energetskih sektora u većini zemalja Zajednice.
Ovo je posledica ne samo nedostatka sopstvenih sredstava i odsustva povoljnog ambijenta za privlačenje ino kapitala, neophodnog za ulaganje u infrastrukturne objekte, uključujući i celinu energetskg sektora, posebno u nove ekonomski- izvesne, energetski- efikasne i ekološki -prihvatljive elektroenergetske izvore, u i to u vremenu neizvesne Politike/Regulative, posle 2012 godine, o dopuštenim efektima energetskih izvora na klimatske promene.
U tom kontekstu, u radu je obrazlozen pristup utvrdjivanja novih-revidiranih Projekcija potrošnje električne i dinamike gradnje/ulaska u pogon novih elektroenergetskih izvora u narednom periodu, uvazavajući utvrđenu zavisnost promene obima potrošnje električne energije, tokom recesije 2009, od nivoa proizvodnih aktivnosti, oličenih u promeni Bruto domaćeg proizvoda/Dodate vrednosti Sektora/grupacije Industrije sa dominatnom porošnjom električne energije.
J. Dragosavac,* Ž. Janda, T. Gajić, J. Pavlović, D. Arnautović, S. Dobričić and Lj. Mihailović** - *J. Dragosavac, Ž. Janda, T. Gajić, J. Pavlović, D. Arnautović, S. Dobričić are with Electrical Engineering Institute “Nikola Tesla”, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia (e-mail: jasna.dragosavac@ieent.org, zarko.janda@ieent.org). **Lj. Mihailović is with “Thermal Power Plants Nikola Tesla” Ltd, Obrenovac, Serbia (e-mail: ljubisa.mihailovic@tent.rs)
Abstract text
Abstract: In this paper the joint active and reactive power regulator (GRARS) is presented, designed for the thermal power plant “Nikola Tesla A” in Obrenovac. The GRARS device controls synchronous generators connected to the same high voltage bus in such way to achieve the target voltage/reactive characteristics. The design target of the proposed device GRARS is to improve the power plant voltage/reactive response in the time range of couple minutes with simultaneous and equally divided responses of all synchronous generators and the optimization of reactive and active power production as well. The proposed device is installed in thermal power plant “Nikola Tesla A” and the joint voltage/reactive power control is tested so far. The device test results derived using the digital power plant simulator is presented along with some of experimental results recorded in the plant.